what should be read aloud (Qere).3 The oldest Masoretic manuscripts date from the late ninth century CE (e.g., Codex Cairensis [C] on the Prophets). No complete manuscript is earlier than the tenth century (e.g., the Aleppo Codex, which is incomplete). Fragments from the Cairo Genizah date from the sixth (possibly fifth) to the eighth centuries. Codex Leningradensis, on which the modern critical Hebrew Bible is based, dates to 1008 CE.4 Samaritan Pentateuch. As a distinct recension the Samaritan